DIGITAL SWARAJ
India's home grown digital economy is spawning a data democracy and generating transformational societal growth. EPISODE #86
Dear Reader,
A very Happy Monday to you.
Today is a watershed moment in the history of modern India. Despite bets to the contrary, India completed 75 years as an independent country. Undoubtedly, a moment of both elation and introspection.
The next 25 years will be even more critical. How India, soon to be the most populous country, negotiates this period will influence not just its own but even the world’s destiny.
There is cause for optimism. This is because the country, riding on its newly minted digital economy, is in the midst of effecting a transformational change in the lives of the next 500 million Indians.
The network effect of this empowerment will generate unprecedented socio-economic momentum. In short, India is poised for another tryst with destiny. This week I dwell on this theme.
I first heard the phrase ‘Digital Swaraj’ while listening to an interview of Anup Pai, Founder and CEO, eSamudaay. Pai’s outfit seeks to empower small producers and kirana stores by digitising their business. Thought the phrase was a perfect headline, especially in the context of India’s digital economy and its 76th birthday.
The cover picture echoes the emotive national theme: Har Ghar Tiranga.
A big shoutout to Surendra, Vandana, Atul, Premasundaran and Aashish for your informed responses, kind appreciation and amplification of last week’s column. Gratitude also to all those who responded on Twitter and Linkedin. Reader participation and amplification is key to growing this newsletter community. And, many thanks to readers who hit the like button😊.
A DATA DEMOCRACY
In July this year the number of transactions on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), the payment backbone of India, aggregated a record 6.28 billion. Six years ago it was less than 100,000.
This is the digital footprint generated by an estimated 200-250 million people, merchants using UPI. And, this is from just one slice of India’s new data economy. The digital footprint of individuals is emerging as the means of economic empowerment—signalling the rebirth India, this time as a ‘Data Democracy’.
Seventy-five years ago India realised political freedom by breaking the shackles of colonial rule. In the next 25 years its people, especially the disenfranchised and vulnerable 500 million at the bottom of the pyramid, will, if all goes to plan, break out of poverty riding the rails of the new digital economy.
Cumulatively Indians, even those outside the top one percent income bracket are steadily building their personal digital footprint as they gradually join the formal economy. This could for example be leveraged to access credit. Significantly, a large chunk of these people will be first time borrowers.
This will be the defining shift for a Data Democracy wherein a billion-plus people can take advantage of their digital footprint to make verifiable claims, and digitally access services, products and opportunities
In short, India is poised for another tryst with destiny.
The beauty of this unique digital economy being forged by India is two-fold:
One, it is based on an open digital architecture. In other words it provides a state-of-the-art digital highway that anyone, government or private sector, can use to create innovations either for mass or niche use.
Second, it enables universal access by lowering the cost of onboarding; thereby building for inclusion and scale, something so critical for India with a population size of 1.3 billion.
The outcome of India monetising an individual’s identity and thereby democratising access to payments, health, social welfare and most recently covid-19 jabs is proving to be a game changer.
As a regular reader, you would recall that this theme has frequently resonated in Capital Calculus.
Like I always say these are unique and inspirational stories of unprecedented transformation of a country that has long performed below its potential, and hence need to be celebrated, told and retold.
Democratising Identity
The story about India’s Data Democracy began in 2009 with the project to set up Aadhaar, the 12-digit unique identity accorded to all those residing in India. To execute this idea—which originated during the tenure of the National Democratic Alliance-led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee—the United Progressive Alliance-led by Manmohan Singh inducted Nandan Nilekani, the co-founder of Infosys. The project just about survived the UPAs tenure as palace intrigue in the union cabinet almost nixed the idea.
The incoming NDA-led by Narendra Modi embraced Aadhaar and has weaponised it to tremendous advantage—especially in using it to identify and reward beneficiaries with economic cheer in the the two years after the covid-19 pandemic devastated India.
Aadhaar was also India’s first Digital Public Good (DPG) and has since become the force multiplier in spawning India’s digital economy. In sheer scale alone India’s digital economy—the three largest public digital platforms in the world today are Aadhaar, UPI and CoWin—is dazzling.
Digital Assets
Built on open protocols, DPGs or digital building blocks—also called the India Stack—are by design interoperable and free for anyone to use. As opposed to the closed platforms like Facebook and Google that dominate the digital world.
This is akin to building a highway and allowing anyone to use it to ply a vehicle of their choice or to transport goods.
In turn, the DPGs have been used to create Open Digital Ecosystem (ODE) which permit these digital building blocks to be mixed and matched—either by government agencies or the private sector—allowing for inter-operability (a feature that allows any wallet, bank account to transact with each other using UPI).
This feature enables the creation of customised and innovative digital solutions at scale to resolve development challenges like inclusion and social payments. Most recently they were deployed to roll out the national jab programme—which just clocked 2 billion vaccines.
The outcome and scope of this digital economy is compelling.
Democratising Access
Previously in India access to most public resources was either a privilege or a favour. In short it was an exceptions-based regime, which fostered cronyism, corruption and sloth.
A few examples would suffice to prove my point. The landline telephone was a rarity and in fact a status symbol, while it should have meant nothing more than spelling the death of distance. Similarly, withdrawing money from your bank account meant a time wasting trip to a dedicated branch, braving queues to only suffer the clerical atrocities of the Teller and their team.
The launch of the cellphone revolution and later the ATMs enabled disintermediation, working wonders for the ease of living. However, once again there was a barrier to universalising these utilities—more than two-thirds of Indians did not own a bank account.
By weaponising identity India resolved for KYC, enabling onboarding at low cost and thereby dismantling the glass ceiling of access. Today most Indian households own a bank account.
Even better, this was combined with their mobile and Aadhaar to create JAM—Jandhan (no frills bank account), Aadhaar and Mobile.
This in turn generated an economic GPS for the government to identify the beneficiary correctly. In fact the money transfers to 200 million beneficiaries during the lock down phase of covid-19 was carried out using this mechanism developed from a DPG.
Universalising Benefits
A key aspect of India’s digital economy is that it is built to scale. By keeping onboarding costs to the minimum it has been to achieve inclusion. Drawing from a previous newsletter the gains be summed up as follows:
Disintermediation: The majority of citizens in India need to interact with the government to receive their social benefits. In the post covid-19 phase this number has grown astronomically and number around 800 million. Employing DPGs has ensured the elimination of the middleman—a great example being the direct benefits transfers.
Transparency: By using a DPG the government has ensured targeted delivery of services. For the first time they are actually walking their electoral promise. A collateral gain is that it overcomes trust deficit in public services and saved the national exhequer upwards of Rs2 trillion.
Frictionless: It is not just the DBT example, but even in the case of either FASTag or UPI we see frictionless delivery. Not only does it improve economic efficiency it quietly reinforces the notion of the rule of the law—for most of the last 75 years India has been unfortunately governed by exception (favouring the few).
Clearly the digital building-blocks approach has helped India overcome the challenge of silos to enable KYC and information exchange. The stage is set to now combine these building blocks to accelerate the pace of societal development, especially in onboarding the next 500 million Indians.
The resulting network effect will provide unprecedented momentum to the Indian economy. The socioeconomic benefits of this will be staggering. To put it simply, India’s best is yet to come.
Jai Hind.
Recommended Viewing
Last week the Supreme Court weighed in afresh in the growing debate on so-called freebies. Coincidentally, Prime Minister Narendra Modi too renewed his call to politicians and voters to introspect about competitive populism.
A perfect fit for Capital Calculus on StratNews Global. To unpack this vexing issue I spoke to Chandra Bhushan, environmentalist and CEO iForest. In his typically candid style Chandra explained that the debate needs to be nuanced and be able to draw the line between merit and non-merit subsidies.
If you missed the premiere on Thursday 7 pm do catch it on YouTube. Sharing the link below:
If you liked the episode do subscribe to the StratNews Global channel on YouTube and hit the bell icon.
Sharing a sneak peak and a plug for next week’s episode of Capital Calculus on StratNews Global. I spoke to Pramod Varma, former chief architect of Aadhaar and a tech evangelist, to explore the idea of Digital Swaraj.
The show premieres this Thursday at 7 pm on the StratNews Global channel on YouTube and is packed with terrific insights from Pramod. Don’t miss it.
Till we meet again next week. Stay safe.
Dear Anil,
Excellent article and the title Digital India is so apt for the current scenario where we are witnessing new developments and progress in digitalization of our economy!!The nine pillars of Digital India have taken us forward and helped in the move towards transformation of our economy.A lot more needs to be done but I am sure under the able guidance of our PM and his team India has a bright future!!
There has been rapid progress with acceleration of growth in the Digital world and this is one area, where India has not missed the bus, rather we are racing to get onto the driver's seat. There is still a lot of scope for improvement like identification at airports by finger prints, instead of physical verification of Aadhar card and I am sure that it is only a matter of time before further improvements are introduced. Our existing platforms are amongst the best, if not the best. PM stressed on having pride in being an Indian. Thanks for constantly updating us Anil.